解決方案
技術解決方案
隨著(zhu)我國經濟的(de)(de)高速發展和全球氣候(hou)環境不斷惡化等因素，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)供煤急(ji)劇下降(jiang)，全國用(yong)(yong)電(dian)負(fu)荷攀升，能(neng)源(yuan)供應(ying)趨(qu)緊。限(xian)電(dian)！似乎已被(bei)人遺忘(wang)的(de)(de)字眼，近來(lai)頻頻出現在各大媒體；拉閘！已成(cheng)為政府、企(qi)(qi)業(ye)、用(yong)(yong)戶，以及電(dian)力(li)職工共同關注的(de)(de)焦點。能(neng)源(yuan)價(jia)格上漲(zhang)和嚴重的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)短缺，使企(qi)(qi)業(ye)生產本(ben)身(shen)開(kai)支增(zeng)(zeng)加，對習慣于以降(jiang)價(jia)來(lai)攻(gong)打市場的(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)彈(dan)盡糧絕，沒有(you)回旋余地了(le)，不可能(neng)長(chang)期維持，開(kai)源(yuan)已不足以滿足企(qi)(qi)業(ye)贏利要求(qiu)，節流--控制(zhi)成(cheng)本(ben)，就(jiu)成(cheng)為企(qi)(qi)業(ye)獲(huo)取利潤(run)、增(zeng)(zeng)強產品(pin)(pin)競爭力(li)的(de)(de)有(you)效手段。節電(dian)產品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)，使電(dian)費開(kai)支得到有(you)效控制(zhi)，“節電(dian)就(jiu)等于賺錢”，且這筆錢可以直接轉化為企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)凈利潤(run)。
聯(lian)合國(guo)開發(fa)計劃署（UNDP）、聯(lian)合國(guo)經濟與社(she)會(hui)(hui)事(shi)務(wu)部(bu)和世(shi)界能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)理事(shi)會(hui)(hui)出(chu)版的(de)(de)《世(shi)界能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)評(ping)價——能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與可(ke)(ke)持續發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)挑(tiao)戰》報(bao)告中(zhong)指(zhi)出(chu)：在(zai)(zai)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)緊缺時(shi)代，2/3的(de)(de)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)卻(que)在(zai)(zai)轉換過程中(zhong)白(bai)白(bai)損(sun)失了，以(yi)更清潔、更高(gao)效的(de)(de)方式提供(gong)“能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)服務(wu)”，是(shi)解決當前發(fa)展(zhan)問題的(de)(de)一個先決條件，提高(gao)能效最(zui)為緊要(yao)(yao)。電(dian)力是(shi)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)部(bu)分，節(jie)電(dian)是(shi)節(jie)能的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)內容，節(jie)電(dian)具有(you)(you)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)經濟效益，節(jie)電(dian)具有(you)(you)跨越式發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)條件，首(shou)先在(zai)(zai)電(dian)力部(bu)門和全社(she)會(hui)(hui)要(yao)(yao)樹立(li)既要(yao)(yao)發(fa)展(zhan)電(dian)氣(qi)化，又要(yao)(yao)打破(po)電(dian)用(yong)得越多越好(hao)的(de)(de)錯誤觀(guan)念，一是(shi)要(yao)(yao)控制耗電(dian)大(da)(da)(da)企業的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，二是(shi)要(yao)(yao)控制電(dian)的(de)(de)低效利用(yong)；特(te)別要(yao)(yao)盡可(ke)(ke)能減少電(dian)力空調、電(dian)鍋爐采暖；三是(shi)必須(xu)用(yong)電(dian)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)節(jie)電(dian)產(chan)品，大(da)(da)(da)力進行負(fu)荷管理，實施(shi)可(ke)(ke)中(zhong)斷負(fu)荷。
一、決定用電設備電能浪費的幾種要素
1. 供電電壓
通(tong)常由于(yu)(yu)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)具(ju)(ju)距離電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源較遠(yuan)，在用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰期，勢(shi)必引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路末端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下降。為(wei)了彌補這(zhe)種損(sun)失，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網公司所(suo)輸送的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓總是比用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)所(suo)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高出(chu)一部分，這(zhe)部分多出(chu)來(lai)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，就形成了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)過剩(sheng)供給(gei)，也就是通(tong)常說的(de)"大馬(ma)拉(la)小(xiao)車"現象。過剩(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓施加于(yu)(yu)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)時(shi)，會使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)具(ju)(ju)長期工作在超負(fu)荷的(de)狀態下，這(zhe)不但造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)浪費(fei)，還會直接縮短(duan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)的(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)。
2. 三相電源(yuan)不平衡
由于目(mu)前用電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)，特別(bie)是(shi)單(dan)相大(da)(da)功(gong)率設(she)備(bei)應用較為普遍，造(zao)成三相電(dian)(dian)源不(bu)對稱(cheng)，負(fu)載(zai)大(da)(da)的(de)相偏低(di)、負(fu)載(zai)小的(de)相偏高，這種現象(xiang)會造(zao)成逆(ni)(ni)相序旋轉(zhuan)磁場,影響用電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)的(de)輸出功(gong)率。轉(zhuan)子產生(sheng)逆(ni)(ni)序電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，從而產生(sheng)制動轉(zhuan)矩，使用電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)溫度(du)升高，輸出功(gong)率減(jian)小。三相不(bu)平衡越大(da)(da)，線損越大(da)(da)。
3. 諧波
電(dian)網上的高次(ci)諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)來源很多，如：大氣過電(dian)壓(ya)、雷擊、變頻設備(bei)、晶閘管設備(bei)的投入(ru)運行等。由于電(dian)網中存(cun)在高次(ci)諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)，既增(zeng)加了用電(dian)設備(bei)損耗，又會使效(xiao)率降低，用電(dian)設備(bei)發熱(re)加劇、溫(wen)升提高，效(xiao)率下降，使用壽命縮短。
4. 功率因數
功率因(yin)數(shu)的(de)高(gao)低是(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)電(dian)源(yuan)利用(yong)率的(de)關鍵因(yin)素，功率因(yin)數(shu)低，會(hui)降低電(dian)源(yuan)利用(yong)率，降低設備的(de)效(xiao)率，增加了電(dian)路上的(de)損(sun)耗。
5. 負載電流大(da)小
設(she)備(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)機長時期(qi)工作在大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)狀(zhuang)態(tai)下，會增加用電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的損耗，提高(gao)設(she)備(bei)(bei)工作溫度，縮短(duan)使用壽命(ming)。
6. 瞬流和浪涌
企業內部(bu)用電(dian)(dian)設備產生(sheng)大量(liang)的瞬流和(he)浪涌，在(zai)小電(dian)(dian)網里迂回(hui)徘(pai)徊，產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力污染，給用電(dian)(dian)設備造成損害(hai)，同時也(ye)造成了電(dian)(dian)能的大量(liang)浪費。
二、幾種常用節電技術比較分析
針對(dui)引起電(dian)(dian)能浪費的(de)(de)幾個(ge)方面(mian)(mian), 掌(zhang)握各種節(jie)電(dian)(dian)技術的(de)(de)特(te)點并合理應用(yong)，是降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)耗(hao),提高節(jie)電(dian)(dian)效果與電(dian)(dian)網質量的(de)(de)前提條件。常用(yong)的(de)(de)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)技術,主要(yao)體(ti)現(xian)在以下幾個(ge)方面(mian)(mian)：
1. 可控硅(gui)斬波技術(shu)
節電(dian)率有所提(ti)高，但同(tong)時產(chan)生大量(liang)諧波(bo)污染電(dian)網，增加電(dian)器損耗，使效率降低，電(dian)器發熱加劇，因電(dian)流諧波(bo)損失的影(ying)響(xiang)，節電(dian)效果比正弦(xian)波(bo)情況要差(cha)。
2. 抑制浪涌技術
采用高速(su)微處理(li)器，無諧波的(de)(de)(de)新技術，動態調節(jie)用電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)在(zai)運行過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流，能(neng)(neng)有效的(de)(de)(de)抑(yi)制瞬(shun)變浪涌(yong)和諧波，使輸入電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量盡可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)多的(de)(de)(de)輸入到用電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)上(shang)，將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)浪費的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量減少到最低值，有效的(de)(de)(de)提高了用電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)在(zai)運行中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)因數，這樣既(ji)可(ke)(ke)以延長用電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)使用壽(shou)命，又可(ke)(ke)以節(jie)約電(dian)(dian)費，實現(xian)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)。
采用專用瞬變抑制元件及科學(xue)設計利用標準的罐(guan)形電容在感性系統中加入電容容抗(kang)來使(shi)功(gong)率因(yin)(yin)數得(de)到改善，并(bing)能逐漸消除因(yin)(yin)高(gao)次諧(xie)波在電路中沖(chong)擊(ji)形成的沉積物碳（使(shi)電路老化發熱的主要物質），從而有(you)(you)效(xiao)降低線損(sun)，使(shi)電路平穩純凈，并(bing)有(you)(you)效(xiao)過濾電網電路中的瞬變浪涌，提(ti)高(gao)設備運行效(xiao)率，實現節電的目的。
3. 變頻技術
變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)調(diao)速(su)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，它是一種(zhong)以(yi)改變(bian)(bian)電(dian)機頻(pin)率和改變(bian)(bian)電(dian)壓來達(da)到電(dian)機調(diao)速(su)目的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)。采用交流(liu)電(dian)機變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)調(diao)速(su)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，產生節電(dian)及增產的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)。運(yun)(yun)用變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)控制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)空(kong)調(diao)，可根據環境溫(wen)(wen)度(du)自動(dong)選(xuan)擇制(zhi)熱、制(zhi)冷和除(chu)濕運(yun)(yun)轉方式，使居(ju)室在(zai)短時間(jian)內迅(xun)速(su)達(da)到所需要的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)，并在(zai)低轉速(su)、低能耗狀態下(xia)以(yi)較小的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)差波動(dong)，實現了(le)快速(su)、節能和舒適控溫(wen)(wen)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)。
用調(diao)速(su)控制(zhi)代替擋風(feng)板或(huo)節流(liu)閥(fa)控制(zhi)風(feng)流(liu)量(liang)，這是(shi)風(feng)機(ji)(ji)水泵節電(dian)的(de)(de)一個(ge)有效途徑。變(bian)頻空調(diao)通過(guo)提(ti)高(gao)壓(ya)縮(suo)機(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)頻率的(de)(de)方式，增大了在(zai)低溫時的(de)(de)制(zhi)熱(re)(re)能(neng)力，最大制(zhi)熱(re)(re)量(liang)可(ke)達到同類(lei)空調(diao)器(qi)的(de)(de)1.5倍(bei)，低溫下(xia)仍能(neng)保持良好的(de)(de)制(zhi)熱(re)(re)效果。此外，一般的(de)(de)分體(ti)機(ji)(ji)只有四檔(dang)風(feng)速(su)可(ke)供調(diao)節，而變(bian)頻空調(diao)器(qi)的(de)(de)室(shi)內風(feng)機(ji)(ji)自動運(yun)行(xing)時，轉速(su)會隨壓(ya)縮(suo)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)頻率在(zai)12檔(dang)風(feng)速(su)范圍內變(bian)化(hua)，由于風(feng)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉速(su)與空調(diao)器(qi)的(de)(de)能(neng)力配合較為合理、細膩，實(shi)現(xian)了低噪音的(de)(de)寧靜運(yun)行(xing)，最低噪音只有30分貝(bei)左右(you)。
4. 電磁(ci)調(diao)控(kong)技術
運用(yong)最(zui)新高科(ke)技電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)調控(kong)原理(li)，采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)調壓(ya)、電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)移相(xiang)、電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)平衡(heng)變換等高尖端自(zi)有(you)專利技術與(yu)微電(dian)(dian)腦智能控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)路完(wan)美組合，針(zhen)對目前電(dian)(dian)網實際參數(shu)，抓住著(zhu)重有(you)效(xiao)解決影(ying)響用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)能浪費的(de)幾種要素，通過實時(shi)監(jian)測電(dian)(dian)器負載變化的(de)情況，應(ying)用(yong)最(zui)優化控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)原理(li)，自(zi)動控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)輸(shu)出功(gong)率(lv)(lv)，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)供給電(dian)(dian)器設(she)備(bei)(bei)去的(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)為實際需要的(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)，達到(dao)精確匹配。并(bing)將多余的(de)能量反饋給電(dian)(dian)網，提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)器設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)，降(jiang)低線(xian)損(sun)(sun)，提(ti)高系統用(yong)電(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)，增大線(xian)路容(rong)量，使電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)平衡(heng)得到(dao)改善，減(jian)少電(dian)(dian)器設(she)備(bei)(bei)附(fu)加損(sun)(sun)耗，延(yan)長(chang)電(dian)(dian)器設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)使用(yong)壽命，從而(er)有(you)效(xiao)實現了系統綜合節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)，大幅提(ti)高了節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)。
5. 單片機控制技術(shu)
單相異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)設(she)計(ji)時(shi)一(yi)般會加(jia)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)容量,以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)正常(chang)運(yun)(yun)行。而(er)啟動(dong)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)額定(ding)負荷的(de)(de)40%-60%左(zuo)右運(yun)(yun)行，尤其在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)空(kong)(kong)載(zai)時(shi)甚(shen)至只有(you)20%－30%的(de)(de)額定(ding)容量下(xia)(xia)運(yun)(yun)行,此時(shi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)處(chu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)低效(xiao)運(yun)(yun)行區,造成很大(da)的(de)(de)浪費。采用單片機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)控制，自(zi)動(dong)檢(jian)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)負載(zai)及功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因數，適(shi)時(shi)調整輸出功(gong)率(lv)(lv)，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)空(kong)(kong)載(zai)情(qing)(qing)況下(xia)(xia)降低輸出功(gong)率(lv)(lv)和端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)剛(gang)好維護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)能正常(chang)運(yun)(yun)轉的(de)(de)條件(jian)下(xia)(xia)工作(zuo)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)檢(jian)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路檢(jian)測到負載(zai)增加(jia)時(shi)，自(zi)動(dong)提高(gao)輸出功(gong)率(lv)(lv)和端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓使(shi)之與功(gong)率(lv)(lv)需求相匹配，達(da)到節能節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)正常(chang)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件(jian)下(xia)(xia)，空(kong)(kong)載(zai)時(shi)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)(lv)可高(gao)達(da)70%，有(you)負載(zai)時(shi)也高(gao)于(yu)20%；如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)較大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)較低，或現場電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高(gao)于(yu)220伏(fu)等情(qing)(qing)況，其節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)更(geng)佳。
三、綜上所述
電(dian)能(neng)既是(shi)(shi)最重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)能(neng)源(yuan)，又是(shi)(shi)消耗其它能(neng)源(yuan)生產的(de)能(neng)源(yuan)產品，節(jie)(jie)約(yue)能(neng)源(yuan)已經被(bei)專(zhuan)家視為(wei)與煤炭、石油、天(tian)然氣和電(dian)力(li)同等重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)“第五能(neng)源(yuan)”。為(wei)此，節(jie)(jie)約(yue)電(dian)能(neng)尤為(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)。節(jie)(jie)電(dian)是(shi)(shi)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)內(nei)容，中科宇杰通過所(suo)掌握上述各種節(jie)(jie)電(dian)技術的(de)特點(dian)，對(dui)用(yong)電(dian)企業進(jin)(jin)行(xing)節(jie)(jie)電(dian)審計(ji)，根據企業的(de)現實情況，最大限度的(de)針對(dui)用(yong)電(dian)企業，合理的(de)采用(yong)上述技術對(dui)用(yong)電(dian)企業進(jin)(jin)行(xing)節(jie)(jie)電(dian)改(gai)造，使企業獲取(qu)最大的(de)經濟效益。
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